Research
Methodology
Research Steps
Identify research
problem
Research objectives
Methodology
Collection of data
Analysis
Conclusion &
discussion
A Hypothesis is a
Supposition
A basic unit of
analysis in a given research study is called Respondent
Difference between
population parameter and sample statistic is called
Sample error
Rejection of null
hypothesis when it is known as
Type 1 error
B Malinowski
first anthropologist who used participant observation method
T formula has been
given by Fisher
Durkheim
believed in objective
approach of
methodology
Weber believed
in
subjective approach of
methodology
F Tonnies – The
aim of sociology is to treat social fact as things
Treat social facts
as things – E
Durkheim
RM Maclver -
Fact is an empirically verifiable observation
G Simmel
– The chief advocate of Inverse Deductive Method
Concept
of alienation
as a diagnostic tool for sociological inquiry – Hegel
The Book “Division
of labour”
– Emile
Durkheim
Science is to be
judged by three criteria reliability
of knowledge and its method
Social Survey data
in tables first developed by – Lazarsfeld
The Book “Street
corner society” – WF
Whyte
Middle Range Theory
– P Sorokin
The Book “League
of Iroquios”
–
LH Morgan
Match the
Pairs
1) Mode
– Central Tendency
Mean Deviation
– Dispersion
Chi-square
– Association of attributes
Karl Pearson
Method –
Correlation
2) Average
– Measures of Central Tendency
Averages of
average –
Measures of Dispersion
Variables
– Correlation
Attributes –
Chi-square
3) Standard
Deviation
– a
measure that is used to quantify the amount of variation or
dispersion
of
a set of data values
Correlation –
common
usage it most often refers to the extent to which two variables have
a linear relationship with each other.
Chi-square
– Explains significance of differences
between two samples
T-test
– Explains
association with attributes,
also
examines whether two samples are different and is commonly used when
the variances of two normal distributions are unknown and when an
experiment uses a small sample size
4) Dispersion refers
to the Central
Tendency
A declarative
statement of relationship among variable is called
“Hypothesis”
5) Participant
Observation Method – WHR
Rivers
Marxian Dialectical
approach – DP
Mukherjee
Ideal type Method –
M
Weber
Trinitarian Model –
A
Beteille
6)
Structured
Interview –
Research
Semi Structured
Interview - Flexible
but structured
Non-directive –
In-depth
task on issue
Focused interview
schedule - Free
depth task on issue
Syllogistic
Reasoning is
Deductive
Logical argument are
based on
Syllogistic reasoning
Inductive reasoning
is grounded on
Uniformity of nature
A Thesis statement
is
an
assertion
The principles of
fundamental research are used in
Applied Research
Action Research
is
carried out to solve immediate problems
Historical
Research
cannot be genralised to another situation
Null hypothesis-
Hypothesis
of no difference or there is no difference between the variables
CSS- Cascading
Style Sheets
Sampling error
decreases with increase
in sample size
Manipulation is
always part of
Descriptive Research
Variance – The
average of the squared differences from the mean
To test
null hypothesis
a researcher uses –
X2
F-test –
Parametric
Test
Regression –
estimating
the relationships among variables.
Venn diagram
– represents and assess
the validity of
elementary inferences of syllogistic form
The Curved
line
type relationship is referred as Non-Linear
relationship
Definitions
- Definition
is the means of avoiding the ambiguity, vagueness and metaphoric
quality of words, concepts and terms and hence of meaning
- Lexical Definition - To introduce the words of a language to a new comer, be it a baby or a foreigner, lexical definitions are used for common names, lexical definition which is true or false, ex. Parrot, book, pen etc.( Common Names)
- Stipulative Definition - Whenever a new term is invented, the inventor gave meaning to the term Stipulative definition is neither true nor false.
- Precising Definition – precise in nature for ex. Adult who is above 18
- Theoretical Definition - A theoretical definition is a definition of a term in terms of theoretically meaningful and adequate and useful conception. For ex. Socrates defines knowledge as ‘True Justified Belief’
- Persuasive Definition – A persuasive definition is one aimed at evoking are emotion or alter an opinion, example of a fundamentalist Christian - who is against abortion – offering a definition of abortion as “the murder of the helpless, and violation of the right of life to the youngest of our citizen”.
Types of
Sampling
A) Probability
Sampling –
Involves random selection of elements in which each
element has chance of being selected
Random, Stratified
Random, cluster, systematic
- Random Sampling – All members of population have an equal chance of being selected
- Simple Random Sampling – population divided into groups (age, income location etc) and sub samples are selected from each strata
- Stratified Random Sampling – population is divided in different slabs and the sample will be selected randomly from each slab
- Cluster Sampling – randomly selecting intact groups not individuals, within defined population sharing same characteristic.
- Systematic Sampling - Selecting every Kth subject from list of members of population
- Multi-Stage Sampling
- Multi-Phase Sampling
B) Non-
Probability Sampling –
Involves non-random method in the selection of elements in which not
all have equal chance of being selected
- Purposive Sampling – Used when you want to access a particular subset of people based on purpose
- Convenience sampling – Samples are familiar to the researcher for ex. Friends , co-workers
- Snowball Sampling – Is done with the help of study participant to choose other potential participant
- Sequential sampling -
- Quota Sampling – number of sample which must attain
- Areal Sampling – units are divided into small unit
- Judgment sampling – sampling which particular units are to study By: Manish
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